Introduction to Boolean algebra and logical operators
A beginner guide to programming with .NET 5 and C#
In this article, I introduce you to Boolean algebra, a branch of algebra that evaluates the value of a condition to true
or false
.
This is a fundamental part of programming that you can’t escape, and you will use this until the end of your programmer career and maybe even beyond that point.
The article is not focusing on mathematical applications and representations but on programming. The objective is to give you the knowledge you need for the next article of the series.
This article is part of a learn programming series where you need no prior knowledge of programming. If you want to learn how to program and want to learn it using .NET/C#, this is the right place. I suggest reading the whole series in order, starting with Creating your first .NET/C# program, but that’s not mandatory.
This article is the first part of a sub-series showcasing the following articles:
Boolean type
In C#, bool
is the type that represents a boolean value.
A bool
can have a value of true
or false
.
A bool
is the memory representation of a bit.
A bit is a base 2 digit that is either 0
or 1
.
The value 0
means false
, and the value 1
means true
.
Want to know more? The mathematic that we learn at school is base-10; a.k.a., there are 10 numbers: 0 to 9. On the other hand, computers use base-2, or a binary numeral system, that includes only two numbers: 0 and 1. Chances are, this is not something that you need to know right away, but I recommend learning this concept one day. Knowing base-2 (binary), base-8 (octal), and base-16 (hexadecimal) can only help you (yes, there are more than just base-2 and base-10).
The following code shows the two possibilities, written in C#:
// Using var
var thisIsTrue = true;
var thisIsFalse = false;
// Using the type name
bool thisIsAlsoTrue = true;
bool thisIsAlsoFalse = false;
Now that we covered how to declare a variable of type bool
, let’s look at the basic operations of Boolean algebra.
Basic operations
There are three basic operations in boolean algebra:
Name | Known-as | C# |
---|---|---|
Conjunction | AND | && |
Disjunction | OR | || |
Negation | NOT | ! |
With AND
, OR
, and NOT
, we can create most logical conditions that a program requires to run.
Let’s start by exploring the NOT
logical operator.
Logical operator NOT
The NOT
operator is a unary prefix operator and is different from AND
and OR
, which are binary operators.
It prefixes a boolean value and inverts it.
In C# (and many other languages), the NOT
symbol is !
.
More info: C# 8.0 introduced the
!
as a suffix operator, a.k.a. the null-forgiving operator, which is a totally different thing.
The following table lists the two possible use of the negation operator and their outcome:
Expression (C#) | English | Result |
---|---|---|
!true |
NOT true |
false |
!false |
NOT false |
true |
The following code uses the preceding grid to explore the possibilities using C#, outputting the values in the console:
var value1 = true;
var value2 = false;
var value3 = !value1; // false
var value4 = !value2; // true
Console.WriteLine($"value1: {value1}");
Console.WriteLine($"value2: {value2}");
Console.WriteLine($"value3: {value3}");
Console.WriteLine($"value4: {value4}");
When running the program, we obtain the following output:
value1: True
value2: False
value3: False
value4: True
As we can observe here, the value of the value3
and value4
variables are the opposite of their negated source.
This is the main takeaway here: the NOT operator, in !variable
, flips the original value of variable
.
One last bit: as an analogy, you could see a boolean as a light switch and the negation as the action of flipping the switch on/off. For example, when you flip the light-switch from off (
false
) to on (true
); on is the equivalent of not off (!false
) while off is the equivalent of not on (!true
).
Next, let’s jump into the AND logical operator.
Conditional logical operator AND
In C#, the conditional logical AND
operator is represented by &&
.
Important: It is essential to double the symbol, otherwise
&
(single) is a binary operator (acting on bits), and it is different.
The &&
operator is a binary operator that acts on two operands, like result = operand1 && operand2
.
Here is an example of using the &&
operator:
var leftOperand = true;
var rightOperand = true;
var result = leftOperand && rightOperand; // true
Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");
The preceding code outputs Result: True
to the console.
Now that you may be wondering why true && true
returns true
, let’s have a look at the logical table of the AND
operator:
Left | Right | C# | English | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
true |
true |
true && true |
true AND true |
true |
true |
false |
true && false |
true AND false |
false |
false |
true |
false && true |
false AND true |
false |
false |
false |
false && false |
false AND false |
false |
As you may have noticed from the preceding table, all combinations result in false
except when both operands are true
; that’s how the AND operator works.
Let’s update the preceding code to cover the true && false
scenario:
var leftOperand = true;
var rightOperand = false;
var result = leftOperand && rightOperand; // false
Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");
This updated code outputs Result: False
to the console, precisely like the table predicted.
Ok, we are not done yet.
Next, we look at the OR
operator, which has a similar syntax but a different logical outcome.
Conditional logical operator OR
In C#, the conditional logical OR
operator is represented by ||
.
Important: It is essential to double the symbol, otherwise
|
(single) is a binary operator (acting on bits), and it is different.
The ||
operator, same as the &&
operator, is a binary operator that acts on two operands, like result = operand1 || operand2
.
Here is a C# example of using the ||
operator:
var leftOperand = true;
var rightOperand = true;
var result = leftOperand || rightOperand; // true
Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");
The preceding code outputs Result: True
to the console.
Like the AND operator, the OR operator also has a logical table that comes with it.
Let’s have a look:
Left | Right | C# | English | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
true |
true |
true || true |
true OR true |
true |
true |
false |
true || false |
true OR false |
true |
false |
true |
false || true |
false OR true |
true |
false |
false |
false || false |
false OR false |
false |
An interesting observation is how the ||
operator returns true
whenever there is at least one operand that is equal to true
.
In other words, the ||
operator returns false
only when there is no true
(when both operands are false
).
In code, the only way to have a result of false
would be the following code:
var result = false || false; // false
Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");
The preceding code outputs Result: False
to the console.
Now that we covered the basic operators, it is time to look at the logical exclusive OR
operator, which is closer to the spoken OR
than the logical OR
that we just learned about.
Logical exclusive OR operator (XOR)
In spoken languages, we usually use OR
as an exclusive OR.
For example, when we say, « do you prefer blue or green? » we expect a response about one of the two but not both.
That type of OR is called the exclusive OR
, also known as XOR
.
In C#, the XOR operator is ^
.
Advanced information: the
XOR
operator is a compound operator, or shortcut if you which. We can compose the equivalent of theXOR
operator using basic operators likeNOT
,AND
, andOR
. In C#, theXOR
operator can be expressed as one of the following expressions:(left || right) && (!left && !right)
or(left && !right) || (!left && right)
. In the preceding two code snippets, the parenthesis change the priority of the operations. The parenthesis play the same concept than in the following elementary mathematic equations(1 + 2) * 3 = 3 * 3 = 9
but1 + 2 * 3 = 1 + 6 = 7
.
Let’s start by exploring the XOR
logic table:
Left | Right | C# | English | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
true |
true |
true ^ true |
true OR true |
false |
true |
false |
true ^ false |
true OR false |
true |
false |
true |
false ^ true |
false OR true |
true |
false |
false |
false ^ false |
false OR false |
false |
As you may have noticed, the XOR
logic table is the same as the OR
table, but the result is false
when both operands are true
(first row).
This is what differentiates OR and XOR: the result is true
if one operand is true
but not both.
In code, XOR looks like this:
var leftOperand = true;
var rightOperand = false;
var result = leftOperand ^ rightOperand; // true
Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");
When executing the preceding code, we get Result: True
as the console output because one of the operands is true but not both.
Note: based on my personal experiences, this operator is not used very often. Nevertheless, I think it is worth knowing of its existence, for those few times.
Next, that’s your turn to practice what we just covered.
Exercise
The exercise will focus on the logic part and not on the code part. We will use this knowledge in the next installment, where we will learn to write conditional code based on boolean logic. For now, try to answer the following questions without consulting the logic tables.
What is the result of:
true && true
true || true
!true && true
true || !true
true ^ true
Once you are done, compare your results with the answers below:
Answers
true
true
false
true
false
Good job! You completed another small chapter of your programming journey.
Conclusion
In this article, we explored the three basic operations of Boolean algebra: AND
, OR
, and NOT
.
Each of them has a logical table that lists the expected output based on the inputs.
For example, AND returns true
only when both operands are true
, while OR returns false
only when both operands are false
.
Then we looked at the compound operator XOR (exclusive OR).
That operator helps simplify certain scenarios where you want a result of true
when only one of the two operands is true
but not both.
This is very important and will be used in subsequent articles to learn to use boolean algebra to write conditional logic. We will also explore more complex scenarios and some laws to help you simplify your conditional logic. This was a theoretical article that we will practice in the next one of the series.
All in all, Boolean algebra is one of the bases of programming that you can’t escape. Please leave a comment below if you have questions or comments.
Next step
It is now time to move to the next article: Using if-else selection statements to write conditional code blocks.
Table of content
Now that you are done with this article, please look at the series’ content.
Articles in this series |
---|
Creating your first .NET/C# program
In this article, we are creating a small console application using the .NET CLI to get started with .NET 5+ and C#.
|
Introduction to C# variables
In this article, we explore variables. What they are, how to create them, and how to use them. Variables are essential elements of a program, making it dynamic.
|
Introduction to C# constants
In this article, we explore constants. A constant is a special kind of variable.
|
Introduction to C# comments
In this article, we explore single-line and multiline comments.
|
How to read user inputs from a console
In this article, we explore how to retrieve simple user inputs from the console. This will help us make our programs more dynamic by interacting with the user.
|
Introduction to string concatenation
In this article, we dig deeper into strings and explore string concatenation.
|
Introduction to string interpolation
In this article, we explore string interpolation as another way to compose a string.
|
Escaping characters in C# strings
In this article, we explore how to escape characters like quotes and how to write special character like tabs and new lines.
|
Introduction to Boolean algebra and logical operators
You are here
This article introduces the mathematical branch of algebra that evaluates the value of a condition to true or false.
|
Using if-else selection statements to write conditional code blocks
In this article, we explore how to write conditional code using Boolean algebra.
|
Using the switch selection statement to simplify conditional statements blocks
In this article, we explore how to simplify certain conditional blocks by introducing the switch statement.
|
Boolean algebra laws
This article explores multiple Boolean algebra laws in a programmer-oriented way, leaving the mathematic notation aside.
|
This is the end of this series
This article series was migrated to a newest version of .NET. Have a look at the .NET 6 series for more!
|